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Automobile or a new SportsCar will increment the count of Automobiles maintained by the Automobile class We didn t have to change any of our existing code to enhance our work to treat sports cars differently from other automobiles! POLYMORPHISM The word polymorphism means many forms When a subclass overrides a method of a superior class, the behavior of the method will depend upon which type of object is being used in the program, an instance of the superior class or an instance of the subclass This characteristic of OO programming is called polymorphism, and it is a powerful feature of the OO approach We will add some lines to our AutomobileFactory class to set the speed of a family car to 120 and set the speed of a sports car to 120.

But then we would have to replace line 7 with explicit initializations:

Ex1_13.CIR - Avg & rms current, avg power vsVB 1 0 SIN(20V 10V 100Hz 0 0 -30deg) R 1 0 10ohm .PROBE .TRAN 5us 10ms .END

The Probe feature of PSpice is used to display the instantaneous values of i t and pR t . The running average and running RMS features of PSpice have been implemented as appropriate. Both features give the correct fullperiod values at the end of each period of the source waveform. Figure 1-13 shows the marked values as I0 2:0 A, I 2:1213 A, and P0 45:0 W.

num = 0; den = 1;

Looking back at the accelerate() method for the class Automobile, you will see that the maximum speed for an instance of the Automobile class is 70 Compare that with the accelerate() method for the SportsCar class; the top speed for a SportsCar is 150 When we call the same accelerate() method for an instance of Automobile and an instance of SportsCar, the results are different The Automobile speeds up to 70, and the SportsCar speeds up to 120 To show this, add code to the AutomobileFactory class: /** * Class AutomobileFactory * @author Carl Reynolds */ class AutomobileFactory { family = new Automobile( "VW", "Passat", 2002, 170 ); sports = new SportsCar( "Ford", "Mustang", 2005, 300 ); //same method call to instances of 2 different classes familyaccelerate(120 ); sportsaccelerate(120 ); //polymorphism will cause the effects to be different Systemoutprintln( family + " " + family.

Fig. 1-13

instead of invoking the two-arg constructor there The equals() method at line 15 overrides the default equals() method that is defined in the Object class (which all other classes extend) Its purpose is to return true if and only if its explicit argument (object) represents the same thing as its implicit argument (this) It returns true immediately (at line 17) if the two objects are merely different names for the same object On the other hand, it returns false (at line 19) if the explicit argument is not even the right type These tests for the two extremes are canonical and should be done first in every equals() method If they both are passed, then we can recast the explicit argument as an object of the same type as the implicit argument (Ratio) so we can access its fields (num and den).

1.1 Prove that the inductor element of Fig. 1-1(b) is a linear element by showing that (1.2) satis es the converse of the superposition theorem.

The test for equality of two ratios a/b = c/d is whether a*d = b*c, which is done at line 22 The methods defined at lines 25 and 29 are accessor methods (also called getter methods ) providing public access to the class s private fields The toString() method at line 33 also overrides the corresponding method that is defined in the Object class Its purpose is to return a String representation of its implicit argument It is invoked automatically whenever a reference to an instance of the class appears in an expression where a String object is expected For example, at line 6 in the test program below, the expression "x = " + x concatenates the string "x = " with the reference x That reference is replaced by the string "22/7" that is returned by an implicit invocation of the toString() method.

getSpeed() ); Systemoutprintln( sports + " " + sportsgetSpeed() ); } This will be the new output: 3 Automobiles 2006 Kia Rio 2002 VW Passat 2005 Ford Mustang 2002 VW Passat 700 2005 Ford Mustang 1200 Polymorphism allows us to write programs in a more general way We can reference the superior class as we write programs, and if the object being used by the program happens to belong to a subclass of the superior.

Let i1 and i2 be two currents that ow through the inductors. inductor for these currents are, respectively, v1 L di1 dt and v2 L Then by (1.2) the voltages across the